Lately I’ve had several casual conversations with colleagues and friends who are about to finish their undergraduate degree. Naturally, professors suggest they continue with their graduate education. Here’s what a graduate degree represents in my experience, but before that, should you even be thinking about it in the first place?

To be or not to be, that is the question

Being unsure (or being too sure) about doing a graduate degree is a sign of danger. If you are unsure, you may do this as a last resort; if you are too sure, you may have idealized what a graduate degree represents and requires. Many people (including myself) do not consider pursuing graduate studies until something unexpected throws you into the opportunity that eventually leads you there. Here are some things to consider for those of you who are planning on it.

1. It will require writing, most likely, lots of it. Doing research is as important as letting the world know you are doing it. You must be willing to write. Now, don’t be too scared, most research articles you will write, and even your thesis is not so different from undergraduate (long-term) projects or final reports. The standards and stakes might be higher, but nothing you can’t handle with a bit of practice. Also, remember that your goal is to become the expert; the more you get into this, the easier it becomes, the more credibility you gain, and the faster you can write. Your question here should not be if you can do it but if you are willing to.

2. If you think you are underqualified for graduate research positions, you are right. If you feel you don’t know enough about the research topics or what you are getting into, you are right. If you feel clueless, lost, and like nothing makes sense, it’s because it doesn’t, and again, you are right. Being afraid of working in research is perfectly normal, especially if it’s your first time working with a research group. These people have been doing this for a while, and words like “floccinaucinihilipilification” flourish and embellish what would otherwise be regular human speech. The point is that you don’t know anything when you join a research group, but nobody (should) expect you to. The main idea is to learn on your way. Sure, make an effort and learn as fast as possible, but don’t let your self-esteem drop. The people running the research group had to start somewhere, too; they were not born experts and should understand this point (emphasis on should).

3. If curiosity is the mother of invention, then it is also the sibling of research. A graduate degree means you will have to conduct research. Research means that you will need to come up with research questions. You don’t have to be curious about everything, but the casual what-if inquiry in your daily life means you are on the right track. When working on a graduate degree, it is equally essential to pose the question rather than resolve it. At some point, you will notice the difference between creating tools and using tools to solve the research question. Chances are you will make your own tools, but they should only be a by-product of the research questions. If you prefer creating tools over solving questions, read this section twice and ensure you understand what you are getting into before committing to a graduate degree.

4. Most likely, you are not a genius. That’s okay. Most of us are not. We just put much effort into it. Either way, be prepared to work with others. Getting a degree is no solo mission. It has to be done in co-op (but you get all the loot, and your colleagues get a name in an acknowledgments section that no one will read). This is another way of saying, “If you sign here, you agree that you will have to work with other people, you will frequently have to ask for help, and you might not like the way, the time, or the form in which that help is given to you, and you will still be fully responsible for the final product.”

There are several perks of being a graduate student too. If you are still reading this and are not discouraged by the above, follow me to the next section, which deals with becoming a graduate student.

What, who, where, how and when

So you are still considering a graduate degree but have no idea where to start. Well, I hope this serves as the right place.  The first five things you should decide now are:

1. What do I want my research to be about?

Chances are you don’t know what research topics you like. Here is a hint: if you did research as an undergrad and loved it, continue. If you are unsure, chances are there is something better, so move on. If you didn’t like it, it doesn’t necessarily mean all research will be a burden, you just have to keep looking. If you have never done research, look for questions and topics that you find interesting, read other people’s research, and watch the news. If, after looking everywhere, you don’t like anything at all, abandon all hope or try again. If you find too many things, make a choice. If you can’t, don’t worry, you are still on the right track. It’s very common for new graduate students to try to solve all the world’s problems per semester, a habit you will lose after some disappointments. You can make an informed decision after you answer the following questions.

2. Who would I like to work with?

Choosing a mentor or advisor is more important than attending a specific college. All universities have their strengths and weaknesses, and they change. Unless you are getting your degree just for the sake of being called a doctor (in which case you should at least make sure that your last name is Pepper, Who, House, Lecter, Frankenstein, Watson, Cooper, Zhivago or Octopus.), finding a research topic that you like and someone you’d be willing to work with for several years is more important. Just go ahead and check their websites and research articles, and shoot them an email, but most importantly, if you want to have an honest idea of what it’s like to work with them, contact their students and, if possible, get opposing opinions.

3. Where can I find both?

Your dream university should be the best match for both research and professors. Make sure the University has funding to sustain and promote your research. Other than that, avoid categorizing them based on how people perceive them (an Ivy League college is still a college and a bad one for you if they don’t do what you’d like to do). Some small labs with specific research topics in relatively unknown universities are often the most recognized worldwide. Find one of these, and not only will you work with world-class researchers, but you will also have a greater chance of being accepted. Finally, ensure this is a lasting solution; you don’t want your mentor to change to another University halfway through your Ph.D. If this boat already sailed, here is some good advice on how to do damage control.

4. How do they conduct research?

You better know what they do if you want to apply for a graduate degree in a particular research institution. However, before making the final commitment, check how they conduct research. Are their methods ethical, and are their results reliable? We tend to assume, as naïve students, that the world is perfect. It turns out that some people, even professors and researchers, cheat. I talked to a friend who worked at a certain lab (another college and another country) where the professor asked him to run some experiments. He did, and the results came precisely opposite from their hypothesis. The professor then changed the hypothesis to fit the results. I would assume this professor would also have no problem changing the results. Sometimes, it isn’t apparent (e.g., removing unfavorable results under the pretense that the data collection was flawed with that particular subject or test). Whatever you do, stay away from these people! You do not want to inherit that reputation.

5. When should you start?

Some people believe they should spend time in the workforce first and make their undergraduate degree count for something before pursuing higher education. Others think they should do it right after graduation before they forget and lose their academic advantage. My suggestion: ignore everyone and start whenever you want! There is no shame in either option; both have advantages and disadvantages. Start when you have figured out all the previous questions and feel like it.

Living in the fast lane

Some colleges offer fast-track programs, meaning you can complete your master’s and Ph.D. simultaneously or take graduate classes while in your senior year. If they do offer this option, you might be encouraged (or upright harassed) continuously to take this path. If you do a fast-track program, it’s more likely that you will go all the way to the Ph.D. or that they (college) won’t lose you after you finish your undergrad. It is a good option, but only under certain circumstances. Here is my list of do’s and don’ts.

Do take this option if you are 100% sure you want to get a graduate degree. If you are 95% sure, take it easy, one step at the time, figure out what it really is and what it really takes before accepting, otherwise you can end up wasting a lot of time and getting nothing out of it.

Do take this option only if you are sure about your research topic. If you know what you want to do for the next 5+ years and are confident that your vision won’t change too much, use the fast track to get a head start!

Don’t do this if you are a full-time undergraduate during your last semester. This can quickly become overwhelming at this point in time. Do it only if it’s your last semester and you only have a class or two to worry about; otherwise, it can wait for next semester.

Don’t do the fast track if you are considering transferring to another college after graduation. Chances are many classes won’t transfer to other graduate degrees, and if they do, you might find yourself at a disadvantage because people might have greater expectations from you when the focus and the way you acquired this knowledge might be very different than your new institution.

Don’t do the fast track if you want to do something between your master’s and Ph.D. You won’t be able to, plus it defeats the purpose.

Industry, academia, entrepreneur, freelancer

Now let’s take a peek into the future. Assuming you graduated with a Ph.D., what’s next? You have several options. Most people think that you can only choose between industry and academia and that getting a Ph.D. will drive you into academia no matter what.

It depends. Large companies are more likely to hire Ph.Ds and usually have large research divisions.

Academia implies being a faculty member, but this consists of much more than just teaching a class. Professors will be required to find funding, manage a research group, present their work, and even perform administrative duties for the department.

If you don’t fancy living the academic dream, you can always create your own startup; although a graduate degree is not necessarily required unless it’s literally rocket science, it will bring credibility to your work and ideas.

Finally, people tend to overlook the huge profit you can make by freelancing, primarily consulting. With a graduate degree and a decent portfolio, people will likely believe and trust in what you say. Remember that each option requires a different skill set, often including things you were not prepared for during your academic studies (e.g., management, teamwork, social skills, etc.).

I am trying to say here that a graduate degree opens many doors you might not have considered. Then again, many of those doors can also be opened without a graduate degree.

The Good, the Bad, the Ugly and the Lies

There are many misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding Ph.D. students. Some of them are true, some of them are twisted, and some of them are lies. I hope to clarify some of that here.

The Bad

1. Let’s start with the well-known cons. A master’s degree is much more profitable than a Ph.D. Think about it. Let’s say you finish your bachelor’s, and you are looking at a starting salary of 50k. With two years invested on your master’s degree (you can go as far as to assume you can work part-time), your salary jumps to roughly 80k. With a Ph.D., let’s say you go to about 110k. However, you lost at least three years of a steady 80k income for a potential raise of 20 – 30k. Following this biased and roughly estimated logic, a Ph.D. might not be profitable. (Author’s note, this article was first published in 2014, and numbers were not updated. Inflation, am I right? Ouch) Now, if you fancy some statistically sound explanation, check this out. Keep in mind that I speak from a computer scientist perspective, where compared to most careers, we have a pretty good chance at being employed with a relatively high pay. Unfortunately, some careers are not worth it in terms of salary and job market. You can check the average salary in more detail here.

2. It takes (a long) time to graduate: a few years for your master’s and about 6.7 years on average for your Ph.D. What would you do if your dream job came knocking during year 3 or 4? What about starting a family or moving to another place? Finishing a Ph.D. is as much about endurance as it is about commitment.

3. Remember those days as an undergrad when all you had to do was make the program compile and turn out some results? As a Ph.D., you will eventually begin to conceptualize solutions for complex problems and guide someone else to actually (in my case) type the code for those solutions. In other words, your undergrad colleagues can become more proficient at writing code. If you like making things (see section 1.3), then reconsider.

4. If you need discouragement, look at the 12 reasons why you shouldn’t do a Ph.D. . I think this is a somewhat biased and oversimplified description, but if you really want to look at every angle, go ahead.

The Ugly

Three things I hate about graduate school seem to be true for most colleges: Bureaucracy, qualifiers/GRE, and surprise deadlines. In addition, you must learn to face rejection and over-qualification, which is sometimes the same thing.

1. Bureaucracy: You will constantly have to fill out endless forms, not only to get accepted, but to report your degree progress, to choose your committee, to choose a research topic, to get a TA (teaching assistant) or RA (research assistant) appointment, to register, to get advised on what classes to take, to purchase a small yet indispensable item for the lab, to graduate, and trust me, the list goes on, especially if you are an international student. This will take away much of your priceless time. On top of it all, departments will often go about doing this in the least efficient way possible (really, would it kill them to have everything available online and not have you fill out the same form two or three times per semester and have you walk miles around campus to turn in a hardcopy?). I’ve gone as far as purchasing materials for the lab I need for my research out of my pocket because I value my time more than a certain money threshold (and I get to keep these materials for my personal use and tinkering later on 🙂 ).

2. The qualifiers and the GRE. Where do we start? In case you haven’t heard of it yet, most graduate programs will ask you to present scores for the GRE. This is a test which can be described as long and tedious. While preparing for the GRE (which I will admit I didn’t prepare much) I learned a few words that I have never used, seen or read in my life, and at this point in time I have completely forgotten about them. I also reviewed basic math and had to read and write a few things. Some colleges put great value on your score, while others don’t care. It’s still annoying, time-consuming, and expensive, and I am sure it renders less information than a simple oral interview with faculty members would, yet we still have to do it.

Now to the qualifiers… these are applied very differently depending on the university and program you are trying to get in, and apply only to Ph.D. students. In my case, it was a long series of tests in every major area of computer science. People get to prepare for them sometimes with over a year in advance.

As much as I hate them, I can say that they were helpful. It will wrap your head around everything you have learned simultaneously and help you connect things in a way you wouldn’t be able to if you hadn’t overloaded your brain’s RAM. However, this will take a lot of time to prepare for. It will also cause significant stress because if you fail one of the sections, you will have to present them next year (great, another stressful year without progress, as if Ph.D.s weren’t long already). I happened to pass them all on my first try, although I had to do some extra work in my weakest area, and I can tell you that most of the problems I won’t be able to solve again right now without a reference. Most importantly, this is something no one will tell you about as a new grad student (probably so they don’t scare you away before you start). I know of several people who wouldn’t have gotten into the degree if they had known about this beforehand, and it may be partially responsible for the 57% Ph.D. graduation rate. But enough about this, now you know. Moving on…

3. You will have a lot of deadlines, many of which you will learn about at the very last minute. “Did you fill out these forms? They were due yesterday! Now you must wait another two months to get this processed (see bureaucracy).” “There is this conference, and the deadline is in two days. Let’s submit two 12-page research papers!” And, as usual, the list goes on. You learn to live with this; it’s inescapable, and it will teach time management in a way you never dreamed of, but you might also end up sacrificing your plans over and over again (if you are the type of person that plans, otherwise, nothing to worry about!)

4. Rejection is something you will face eventually. Oh, did you get the best grades during your undergrad? You were the best in the class? Did you get an award at a local presentation? Not anymore. Prepare to face the whole world, and trust me, the world will be bigger than you thought. Most of these things don’t matter anymore when facing a 10% acceptance rate for papers at a conference or an 8% of scholarships or fellowships awarded. The most important thing we learn from this is to be humble. It’s very easy to become arrogant or close-minded in the process, but let’s face it, everyone hates know-it-alls, even know-it-alls. You will eventually learn to deal with this and improve to limits you never thought you could reach.

5. Chances are you will be overqualified to perform some tasks. This becomes incredibly annoying when those are tasks or jobs you would like. Remember that your boss or manager won’t be thrilled to have someone who knows much more than him/her. This doesn’t necessarily mean that your boss is evil and afraid you will steal the position; it means that you might have the knowledge but not the vision or the management skills or that you can potentially cause a great deal of trouble if you question everything or overstep. Now, if for some unknown reason you’d like to have a job that you are overqualified for (because you studied almost a decade to achieve that over qualification) don’t fret, you can still lower your profile into something that fits the position you want, but I would strongly advise against this. If you insist, however, a Ph.D. will not exclude you from job positions if you know how to handle interviews in your favor.

The Good

Now let’s get to the good stuff. So far, you have been bombarded with discouragement, pain, disgrace, and nightmares to last throughout all your graduate student years to come (if you want a funny and satirical version of all this, go check out Ph.D. comics, as you can see throughout this rant, a lot of things will be right on). There are many benefits, and I reserved this until the end (because, based on a research article I read, you are more likely to remember the bad things in general, and you are more likely to remember the good stuff if they are presented to you at the end of the conversation. I am all about leaving you with a good aftertaste).

1. You gain credibility and respect. You build a reputation for yourself (provided you behave as a graduate student and put the time and effort into it). People, including other professors, experts, consultants, business owners, family members, friends, colleagues and students (the reason why I am writing this) will look up to you for advice. This happens slowly, and you might not notice the process, but eventually, you become a respectable source yourself. This can be very gratifying since you will feel that all your hard work is now bearing fruit and, most importantly, that you are helping people directly. Just be aware of your ego, and be careful to not give advice you are not qualified to give.

2. You get to travel. This would only apply to people who enjoy traveling, but most people do to a certain extent. Traveling creates a network that reaches every corner of the world. Some of your peers will eventually become experts, and with today’s technology, we can stay in touch. I’ve had the chance to travel worldwide because of my work. Your work must be outstanding to get these opportunities, and you must pair yourself with a good advisor and program to achieve this, but it is possible. When you travel to present your work, you will be tied up with a schedule, but you can be responsible and network, present, attend other people’s presentations, and have some time to enjoy the place.

3. You become smarter and faster and improve your observation and management skills. You can potentially assist in leading a team of students to help you in your endeavors (though I suggest you are respectful, kind, and considerate to them, especially if they are having a hard time with their tasks, are academic or personally overloaded, or are volunteering to do the work. Never take them (or any help you are offered for granted). Get to know them and make friends, not slaves. Who knows where life will lead them.). Your observation skills will develop and make you more objective and unbiased, and they will help you constructively criticize other’s work. These skills will be helpful for more than one thing in life, and you will develop them way further than most of the population.

4. You have fun. If you follow all the steps so far, there are annoying and inconvenient things you must go through, but they should be worth it. Your work should excite you, and you should be able to share that excitement with others, particularly those who do not share your knowledge. You will have the chance to be very pleased with yourself when you get the results you worked for so long to get.

5. You surround yourself with smart people. This leads to great ideas, fun times, fascinating and endless conversations, amazing friends, and beautiful relationships, all of which you can feel proud of.

6. You discover things. You will be surprised. You will learn to question the obvious and realize that few things are obvious at all. You will learn causality, gain great analytic skills, and amaze yourself (and others) with unexpected results that might lead to discoveries or inventions. This image is meant to be discouraging, but considering the size of the world, you are actually making an impact and leaving a small footprint for the next generations!

The Lies

I would like to end this with some stereotypes and misconceptions about graduate students in general (thank you, Big Bang Theory, I dedicate this section to you all).

Myth 1: Grad students don’t have very active social lives. False. Sure, we stay after hours at school, usually when we have those unexpected deadlines that we talked about, but didn’t you do the same when you had to prepare for a test?  In fact, many graduate students will go out to have a beer or to party, and those of us who are more introverted type, in case you forgot, are still human, and we have friends and like to socialize too! In other words, this depends on the person and not their education level. You do not have to be (nor will you become) secluded and awkward if you pursue a master’s or Ph.D.

Myth 2: We don’t know how to handle relationships. This is closely related to the previous myth. Again, we all have good and bad experiences in this field. A graduate degree works in your favor, actually, because chances are you will attract an intelligent partner who ties closely to your interests, appreciates your success (or is equally or more successful than you), understands the effort you need to keep up with the demands that your degree places upon you, and, as I’ve been told, it even makes you more attractive. Look at those professors you consider role models (who obviously had to go through the same process you are going through); they often have wonderful families. You should not blame your lack of confidence or failures on your work or study, this is a personal matter, and one at which highly educated people are often good at.

Myth 3: Grad students are bad at sports and look like “nerds” or “geeks”. Some of us might, but most of us don’t. Chances are you cannot distinguish a Ph.D. student from a regular person at the supermarket because, guess what? We are all human! Appearances can be very deceiving. Shaq O’Neal has a Ph.D. ,for example. This is another common stereotype that you shouldn’t believe.

Myth 4: Doing a Ph.D. makes you proficient in everything. That is not true; you can have a great deal of knowledge focused on a very specific area, but let’s face it, few of us are like Aristotle, who meddled in philosophy, math, biology, chemistry, and astronomy, to name a few. This is because knowledge has expanded so much that it becomes increasingly difficult to fully grasp and contribute to several disciplines simultaneously. If you have a high education level, it does not make you a true know-it-all, so there is no need to live up to the expectations even if people treat you like one. (This reminds me that people expect you to know everything and mock you often if you don’t know the answer to a question they consider trivial. Just let it go, and tell them you will not fix their computer next time they ask).

Myth 5: You become arrogant and develop a huge ego. Arrogance is uncommon; we learn by making many mistakes and are valued because of our hypothesis. The better hypotheses and research questions you can develop, the more experience you gain. This means that your hypos often will not hold true, and you will take away valuable lessons from it. If you learn by making mistakes, you can’t be arrogant at the same time.

Myth 6: You are going to change the world! Yes, to a certain extent, but don’t expect to invent a time machine or an AI system that will doom the world. As Google Scholar constantly reminds you every time you do a search: “Stand on the shoulder of giants”. Things are done with teamwork and built upon the work of others. If you are at the tip of the iceberg and making a significant breakthrough, always remember that those who came before you were your stepping stones and got you to where you are now. Although these can be admirable goals, and I’m often bugged with the question of (seriously) if I could build Skynet or when it will happen, we usually have more specific goals, which doesn’t necessarily make them less glorious.

Beware

Finally, a word of advice, a Ph.D. or a high level of education does not guarantee, nor does it provide common sense. This is something you get to develop on your own.

I hope that this rings true in the minds of whoever reads this. This is just from my experience in 2015 (time flies when you are having fun) as a Ph.D. candidate in computer science and should not be generalized to other majors, degrees, or maybe even colleges. I tried to be as generic and unbiased as possible, but use it at your own risk. I’d also like to say that even when I have faced most of these circumstances, I am very happy with my mentors, my committee, my college, my research, my advisors and my department, so i hope no one takes offense! It’s part of the normal course of a graduate student’s life, and those who have gone through it should understand.

If you need more serious guidance, here is an excellent essay by Phil Agre that covers some of my points from a more “professional” point of view. If you want to ask me a question, leave me a comment.Good luck!